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Acalabrutinib (Calquence) is a second-generation Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor designed for the targeted treatment of B-cell malignancies. BTK plays a critical role in the survival, proliferation, and migration of B-lymphocytes. Its overexpression is observed in various blood cancers, including Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL), and Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), where it enables cancerous B-cells to proliferate uncontrollably.
Acalabrutinib works by irreversibly binding to the BTK enzyme, halting abnormal signaling pathways and slowing the progression of cancer by increasing the toxicity of cancerous cells.
Compared to earlier BTK inhibitors like ibrutinib, acalabrutinib is optimized for greater selectivity, minimizing off-target effects on non-relevant kinases. This has been shown to reduce side effects such as bleeding, cardiovascular issues, and skin-related problems. Acalabrutinib has become one of the most promising therapies in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, particularly for patients who cannot undergo standard chemotherapy or have relapsed after other treatment regimens.
Dosage:
Adults: Acalabrutinib is typically prescribed as 100 mg orally, twice daily (approximately 12 hours apart).
It is recommended to take the dose at the same time every day to maintain a steady level of the medication in the bloodstream.
Administration:
The tablets or capsules should be taken whole with water. They must not be opened, broken, or chewed.
Food Interaction:
Acalabrutinib can be taken with or without food.
Avoid consuming grapefruit or Seville oranges, as they may inhibit the drug’s effectiveness.
Missed Dose:
If a dose is missed, take it as soon as possible unless it's almost time for the next dose. Do not double the dose.
Concomitant Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are not recommended as they may decrease Acalabrutinib's absorption. If acid suppression is needed, use H2 antagonists or antacids instead.
Special Considerations:
Kidney Dysfunction: No significant dosage adjustments are needed for mild to moderate renal dysfunction, but monitoring is recommended.
Liver Dysfunction: Patients with liver impairment may need dose adjustments.
Elderly Patients: While there are no major differences in efficacy, frail patients should be closely monitored.
Although acalabrutinib can be regarded as being safer than the first-generation BTK inhibitors, side effects do exist.
The main adverse effects (20 or more patients):
Headache (one of the most commonly-reported, but typically non-severe)
Weakness and extreme tiredness
Diarrhea, or mild GI upset
Pain in joints (musculoskeletal)
Infection of the respiratory tract (cough, runny nose, sinus infections)
Petechiae or bruising
Rarer but Severe Adverse effects:
Hematologic toxicity: Reduced neutrophil, hemoglobin and platelets, increased chances of developing infection and bleeding.
Cardiovascular: Cardiovascular events, atrial fibrillation/flutter, also exist among the patients, but less frequently than that of an ibrutinib.
Disastrous infections: Such as pneumonia, sepsis or opportunistic viral/fungal infections.
Secondary tumors: Infrequent cases of secondary skin cancers and other malignancies, which develop, necessitate regular check-ups on the skin.
Based on long-term safety data, acalabrutinib has been proposed to be better tolerated than prior BTK inhibitors on average, with a low rate of discontinuation because of side effects. However, blood tests, ECGs, and infection monitoring are highly recommended as a routine case.
Cost:
Branded Acalabrutinib (Calquence) can be very expensive, costing thousands of dollars per month in developed markets.
Generic Options: Generic Acalabrutinib offers the same therapeutic benefits at a significantly lower price (70-80% cheaper than the branded version).
Availability:
India offers affordable generic Acalabrutinib with worldwide shipping. Ensure to have a valid prescription before purchasing.
Packaging:
Acalabrutinib is typically available in 100 mg capsules or tablets, with 30 capsules per bottle.
Alcohol
Avoid alcohol, as it can exacerbate liver toxicity and other side effects.
Pregnancy
Acalabrutinib is not safe during pregnancy and can harm the fetus. Use effective contraception during treatment and for 30 days after the last dose.
Breastfeeding
Acalabrutinib should not be used while breastfeeding as it can pass into breast milk and harm the infant.
Driving
Acalabrutinib may cause dizziness and fatigue. Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery if you feel unwell.
Liver
Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended, especially for those with pre-existing liver conditions.
Doctor Advice
Patient needs to check this advice with the oncologist before variation in dose or cessation.
Warnings
Reference
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